Comparison of Growth and Yield Performance of Several Water Chestnut Species Collected from Southwestern Japan and Middle China

Summary

Vegetative growth characters and yield components of water chestnuts distributed in Japan and China were investigated for 12 local lines of 6 species ; i.e., 5 small and 2 medium fruit lines from Japan, and 5 large fruit lines from China. The materials were transplanted and grown in a flooded field usually used for rice cultivation in Saga City in 1995. The lines from China had higher rates of foliage formation, developed emersed leaves earlier and maintained them longer compared with the Japanese lines. The small fruit lines of Japan had the shortest growing period, although the number of rosettes was larger. The fruit yield of the small, medium and large fruit lines, was 250 to 400 g m^?2, about 600 g m^?2 and 600 to 1,000 g m^?2, respectively. The fresh weight of well-ripened fruit was 1 to 5 g for the small fruit lines, 5 to 10 g for the medium fruit lines and more than 10 g for the large fruit lines. The number of fruits per m2 increased as the fruit size of the lines decreased. However, the productivity of the water chestnut was higher in the large fruit lines than in the small or medium fruit lines.     

四川稻麦两熟区中稻田连作秋大豆规范化栽培技术

根据“系统工程最佳模拟配合”原理，运用二次回归正交组合设计方法，研究了在四川生态区条件下稻麦两熟中稻田连作秋大豆高产高交规范化栽培主要可鬼斧神工因子（育苗期、移栽密度、施肥量）的优化组合技术。建立了高产高效两组数学模式；明确了3个可控因素的决策变量顺序及其最高产量、最佳效益的关系；优选了秋大豆100－125kg/667m^2、125kg/667m^2及净产值400元／667m^2以上的技术组合方案。     

连作广藿香挥发油及百秋李醇含量的变化

以海南广藿香为试验材料,采用GC-MS对连作障碍下广藿香(连作组)和正常生长广藿香(对照组)在发育过程中的挥发油和百秋李醇含量的变化进行了分析。结果表明:连作组和对照组广藿香挥发油含量均随植株生长期的增加而逐渐增加,在210 d达到最高;生长150 d后,连作组广藿香的挥发油含量增长速度明显低于对照组。连作组和对照组广藿香挥发油中百秋李醇积累模式相似,均呈逐渐增加的趋势,在第210天含量达到最高。在广藿香的不同生长期,连作组广藿香油有效成分百秋李醇含量均低于对照组广藿香,质量更次。连作广藿香的挥发油含量和百秋李醇含量明显下降,为进一步研究提供了基础数据。     

北方日光温室黄瓜栽培存在的突出问题及对策

对北方地区日光温室黄瓜生产中存在的温室结构不合理,连作障碍严重和药害发生频繁等问题进行了阐述,并提出了相应的解决方法。     

Effects of Shading on Chlorophyll Content,Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis of Subterranean Clover

A field‐experiment (2004/2005 and 2005/2006 seasons) was conducted in the coastal plain of south‐eastern Sicily (37°03′N, 15°18′E, 15 m a.s.l.), on a Calcixerollic Xerochrepts soil, aimed at quantifying the effect of shading on chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl fluorescence, photosynthesis and growth of subterranean clover. Four levels of photosynthetically active radiation reduction (from 0 % to 90 %) were tested on Trifolium brachycalycinum cv. ‘Clare’ and Trifolium subterraneum ecotype ‘Ragalna’. In both species shading progressively increased F_v/F_m, internal CO₂ concentration, diffusive leaf resistance and specific leaf area (up to 8 %, 34 %, 18 % and 68 %, respectively), and decreased Chl content, T_max, photosynthetic rate and plant dry weight (up to 9 %, 24 %, 79 % and 39 %, respectively). As plants aged, characteristic bell‐shaped trends were evident for photosynthetic parameters, with F_v/F_m increasing up until the onset of flowering, and thereafter declining. This implies that F_v/F_m may be a useful indicator of earliness in subterranean clover genotypes. The aboveground dry biomass response to shading was both genotype‐ and season‐dependent, but was predictable from the measurement of relative leaf Chl content. Moreover, our results suggest that an improvement in the interaction between host‐rhizobium may represent a major potential breeding target for enhancing subterranean clover tolerance to shading.     

大豆专用复混肥对轮作、连作大豆增产机理的研究

采用盆栽试验、田间试验及室内分析相结合的方法 ,研究了含有沸石、腐殖酸、稀土的大豆专用复混肥对轮作、连作大豆的增产机理。结果表明 ,施用大豆专用复混肥对轮作、连作大豆具有明显的改土、增加肥效、抗逆、提高光合效率和促进大豆生长的作用 ,最终表现出明显的增产效果。大豆专用复混肥的综合施用效果以连作大豆好于轮作大豆     

连作植烟土壤酚酸类物质变化特征及其与主要环境因子的Mantel Test分析

为明确酚酸类物质在连作植烟土壤中的变化特征,探讨土壤主要环境因子对酚酸类物质的影响,以不同连作年限（4 a,6 a,8 a,14 a和16 a）植烟土壤为对象,研究了不同连作年限植烟土壤酚酸类物质、理化性状、酶活性和细菌多样性的变化特征,并利用Mantel Test分析了酚酸类物质与土壤主要环境因子的相关性。结果表明,随连作年限增加,土壤酚酸类物质和速效钾含量升高,pH、有机质含量、细菌菌群丰度和多样性降低,水解性氮和有效磷含量呈先降低后升高趋势,酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势。Mantel Test分析表明,土壤酚酸类物质含量与理化性状、酶活性和细菌丰度显著相关,且与理化性状相关性最高;不同酚酸类物质含量与土壤主要环境因子相关性存在差异,其中,对羟基苯甲酸和阔马酸与植烟土壤理化性状、酶活性以及细菌丰度的相关性最高。因此,在本试验条件下,连作植烟土壤酚酸类物质具有明显积累特征,植烟土壤环境恶化;酚酸类物质积累受理化性状、酶活性和细菌多样性影响,且理化性状影响最大;不同酚酸类物质受主要土壤环境因子的影响存在差异,其中对羟基苯甲酸和阔马酸积累所受影响最大。     

微生态制剂对重茬甜菜根腐病防控及产质量水平提升的影响

为了揭示不同重茬年限下微生态制剂对病害的防治效果及产质量提升水平,明确适宜内蒙古重茬田微生态制剂的最佳施用量,2015-2017年,在内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院开展了微生态制剂不同施用量(0、30、60、90、120kg/hm~2)对不同重茬年限甜菜根腐病防治和产质量提升的研究。结果表明,随重茬年限的增加,重茬年限负效应逐渐增加,造成微生态制剂的防效逐年降低,甜菜的发病率、死株率呈大幅度增加,产质量水平显著降低,年际间以重茬3 a的改善效果最佳,处理间以施用量为90 kg/hm~2和120 kg/hm~2 2个处理较好。重茬3 a施用量30 kg/hm~2、60 kg/hm~2、90 kg/hm~2、120 kg/hm~2分别较0 kg/hm~2甜菜死株率降低7.76%、17.15%、23.18%和32.38%;发病率降低16.97%、41.84%、45.75%和56.09%;产量提高10.12%、12.51%、18.12%和19.19%;产糖量提高11.14%、15.45%、23.74%和25.98%,且各处理间基本达到了显著性差异水平。因此甜菜根腐病的发病率与产质量水平呈极显著负相关关系,说明根腐病是重茬甜菜的主要障碍因子,开展对重茬甜菜根腐病防控研究,对内蒙古甜菜产业持续、稳定发展具有重要意义。     

连作对大蒜土壤养分、微生物结构和酶活的影响

为探讨引起大蒜连作障碍形成的原因,研究了连作0年(对照)、5年和10年的大蒜土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量和酶活变化趋势。结果表明,随着连作年限的增加,大蒜产量降低,与对照相比,连作5年和10年的大蒜产量分别下降了31.1%和40.8%。大蒜连作使土壤p H升高,土壤速效钾、铵态氮,硝态氮及有机质的含量降低;土壤中细菌、放线菌数量降低,而真菌数量升高;土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著降低,说明长期连作影响土壤中物质和养分的转化。综上所述,长期连作使大蒜产量降低,p H升高,酶活降低,土壤中微生物结构发生改变。建议施用有机肥来改善土壤性质,改良土壤中微生物的酶活性和菌群结构。